Our overarching goal is to understand how small-scale obstructions such as ice rises and ice rumples influence large-scale ice-shelf flow and discharge of inland ice. Here we propose to revisit CIR (Fig. 2) with new tools (radars and seismic instruments, and high-precision GPS) and make targeted geophysical measurements both on the ice rise, and where possible, across the grounding line. Our measurements, together with data collected during IGY, RIGGS, SCP, as well as new data collected recently by others from the Whillans ice plain, and satellite-derived products (patterns of thinning/thickening from ICESat, and surface velocities), will be used to validate and develop models of the evolution of grounding line dynamics of the Ross Sea Embayment. The models will be used to address the following: 1. What dynamical effect does the presence/absence of CIR have on discharge of inland ice through the Ross ice streams today?
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